Category: Neuropsychology

Dementia-Clean or Dirty?

Is it possible to find someone with a “clean” dementia?  While this sounds like a misnomer, it is intended to describe people who suffer with a specific dementing pathology, and no other complications are known to exist.  It is a form of progressive cognitive deterioration that corresponds perfectly with its diagnostic category.  Only symptoms of this particular dementia are present, uncontaminated by other forms of physical or mental illness.  Hypothetically, such a “clean” dementia should readily conform to existing treatment protocols.  When a patient consults a neuropsychologist, they expect some sort of diagnosis with treatment recommendations, and not “well, it might be this, or it might be that.”  Families often vacillate between different factors to explain the changes in behavior and cognition, such that they expect definitive answers from a professional.  It is not unusual for the patient to become agitated when the doctor invariably, stereotypically, calls for more tests before they can arrive at a definitive diagnosis.  Why can’t we just do our job?

Here is where I frustrate my audience by reporting that diagnoses are rarely simple and clear cut, and that it’s typically a disservice to the patient to arrive at a quick and dirty diagnosis.  For example, a new patient came into the office yesterday with an old severe closed head injury.  This person exhibited classic signs of a severe traumatic brain injury.  Their personality and mental functioning were permanently altered in a way that is very consistent with the pathology of TBI that I was taught in school.  The easiest route is to dazzle the family with my knowledge of traumatic brain injury, make some behavioral and medication recommendations, and then sit back until they return in two weeks.  During the course of the interview with the family and patient, it became apparent that the patient endured a cerebral vascular accident immediately subsequent to the closed head injury.  Unfortunately, this is not an uncommon occurrence after severe closed head injury, though rare in mild to moderate injuries without a period of coma.  There are aspects of the patient’s balance and overall ambulation that would be uncommon in a “clean” closed head injury.  While the patient is walking in a functional manner, they often trip and fall into objects.  Weakness in one of their arms makes it difficult to perform tasks that require two hands.  Functional impairment from the stroke is as or more important than the impairment secondary to the closed head injury.  Formulating recommendations based on one or the other diagnosis would be unsafe and unwise.  Only by thinking in terms of the patient’s holistic or overall functioning would I be able to make their life safer and more stimulating.  Stated another way, diagnoses are typically less important than the obvious difficulties the patient confronts in their environment every day.

How is a physician able to prescribe the correct medication without the correct diagnosis?  Since the Food and Drug Administration does not allow direct comparison between drugs, physicians cannot be confident that they are using the single best medication for a given illness.  While certain medications are believed by professionals to be better for organic conditions than psychiatric conditions, there is only modest support in the research for using one medication over the other.  The best clinicians tend to prescribe by side-effect; that is there are many medications that claim to do the same thing, but the risk of unwanted and possibly deleterious effects of any given medication are uppermost in their mind.  For example, the physician is weighing the benefit of two tranquilizers.  The med they typically prescribe for most neurologically intact patients causes memory and attentional impairments, and the other tranquilizer is known to have few cognitive side-effects, but may cause trouble with ambulation.  Most of us, physician or not, would avoid using the first medication in someone recovering from a closed head injury, and avoid the second for someone recovering from a stroke or movement disorder.  While this appears to make good sense, and even smacks of common sense, one has to keep in mind that common sense is anything but common.
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The common sense approach to treatment of damage to the central nervous system is driven by symptoms and their expression in the patient’s unique environment.  A diagnosis helps alleviate the anxiety of family members and the insurance industry, but in isolation, does little to assist the patient.  Medications prescribed for their main effect rather than by their side-effect may help in one area and cause problems in another, rendering little to no net gain for the patient.  Clinicians that need to find neat categories and rapid solutions will please the family shopping for confidence more that the family looking for real gains.  Lastly, even the best of treatment protocols needs adjustment.  People change over time, and the cognitively impaired are no exception.  Any intervention that has positive results for a year or more should be considered a success-even if there is a subsequent decline.  Consider periodic adjustments to behavioral and medication protocols to be necessary and expected.

To answer the initial question, it is rare, indeed, to find a “clean” dementia.  Even if the initial stages of the dementia are uncomplicated and according to protocol, the illness rarely remains so orderly for its entire course.  Patients and family members often gain confidence from hurried and decisive experts; tending to view their curt behavior as a sign of social importance.  A clinician who is unsure and vacillating about treatment options exudes less confidence to others, but may ultimately be the most concerned and helpful.  Please leave comments regarding this article by clicking on “comments” immediately below this post.

Alzheimer’s Disease-What You Need to Know

If you suspect a loved one has a dementia, a progressive deterioration of memory and other cognitive skills, please consider these recommendations.

The primary consideration in all such circumstances is the safety of the loved one.  There may be months of time between calling a specialist and receiving an appointment; perhaps longer before a meaningful diagnosis is achieved and treatment is initiated.  As I have pointed out many times, there is no guarantee of treatment effectiveness.  Even after treatment, your loved one may still suffer with the same symptoms, or worse, the initial treatment appears to cause a decline in the patient’s condition.  It is this last group that calls my office in the most desperate fashion.  Typically, the decline is not from practitioner incompetence, but poor standardized treatment protocols for victims of senile dementia.  The focus is almost exclusively on medications for memory, and these come with a host of side-effects that may be worse than the symptoms for which you sought treatment.  Unfortunately, in the last twenty years of assessing victims of senile dementia, I have not witnessed an institutionalized patient regain functionality through the use of  memory boosting medications.  As a caregiver of a dementia victim, do not believe that memory medications will slow or halt the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Knowing that it may be months until meaningful help arrives, consider a few simple steps to make your loved one safer in their home.  The risk of fires and falls are preeminent.  I strongly suggest unplugging stoves anytime someone is inattentive or actually confused.  This includes barbecues and working fireplaces.  Microwave ovens are generally safer, since they will usually blow a fuse before starting a fire, but you may want to observe the loved one’s actual use of the device before making that determination.  Smoking in bed is almost a cliche, but it is a very real danger, and all confused people should be supervised while smoking.  Matches or lighters should never be in their possession.
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Falls are the bane of every caregiver, and the source of most nursing home admissions.  Kitchens and bathrooms are the big culprits, with sharp corners and hard surfaces everywhere.  A consult with a physical therapist is an excellent early intervention to determine your loved one’s ability to safely ambulate.  As with all behavior, past behavior is the greatest predictor of future behavior.  If your mother has fallen twice in their home, it is likely that a third will occur.  The interval between falls is very important.  If you as a caregiver notice a doubling or trebling of fall occurrences, than consider rapid follow-up with a physician to rule out common causes of weakness and imbalance.  Here again, consulting with a physical therapist is very important.  The use of an assistive device for ambulation is not always straight forward.  Consider the charitable act of giving the demented person a walker for balance.  Unless trained on how to use the walker over a number of sessions, the walker may increase the number of falls.  Negotiating transitions between floor surfaces and maintaining a forward upward gaze is critical to the use of a walker, and it is not always self-evident.

What if your loved one’s ambulation is so good they are wandering away from home?  This is an intolerable situation from a safety standpoint.  If the person is confused, simply putting curtains over the door will decrease exit seeking, but not entirely prevent the same.  Installing double dead bolts will keep the person inside, but may seal their fate if a fire is started.  The best solution, and most expensive, is to purchase an alarm placed on the patient’s body and corresponding sensors placed on every door.  Please keep in mind that this only is effective if someone is able to respond to the alarm in under five minutes, or the patient is unaware how to remove the bodily alarm.  Even in the nonverbal seventh stage of a senile dementia, I have witnessed these poor people remove alarm bracelets from arms and ankles, as they have no idea as to the purpose of the alarm.  The only iron-clad way to keep a demented person safe from exit seeking is to have eyes on them 24 hours a day-7 days a week.

There is no realistic method to keep a demented person completely safe.  Even in facilities dedicated to the treatment and maintenance of the terminally demented, falls and exit seeking are a fact of everyday life.  All a caregiver can do is try their best.  Please avoid trying so hard that sheer exhaustion nullifies your effectiveness as a caregiver.  Comments are always welcome in the space provided below.