Posts tagged: Memory Disorders

Dementia-Clean or Dirty?

Is it possible to find someone with a “clean” dementia?  While this sounds like a misnomer, it is intended to describe people who suffer with a specific dementing pathology, and no other complications are known to exist.  It is a form of progressive cognitive deterioration that corresponds perfectly with its diagnostic category.  Only symptoms of this particular dementia are present, uncontaminated by other forms of physical or mental illness.  Hypothetically, such a “clean” dementia should readily conform to existing treatment protocols.  When a patient consults a neuropsychologist, they expect some sort of diagnosis with treatment recommendations, and not “well, it might be this, or it might be that.”  Families often vacillate between different factors to explain the changes in behavior and cognition, such that they expect definitive answers from a professional.  It is not unusual for the patient to become agitated when the doctor invariably, stereotypically, calls for more tests before they can arrive at a definitive diagnosis.  Why can’t we just do our job?

Here is where I frustrate my audience by reporting that diagnoses are rarely simple and clear cut, and that it’s typically a disservice to the patient to arrive at a quick and dirty diagnosis.  For example, a new patient came into the office yesterday with an old severe closed head injury.  This person exhibited classic signs of a severe traumatic brain injury.  Their personality and mental functioning were permanently altered in a way that is very consistent with the pathology of TBI that I was taught in school.  The easiest route is to dazzle the family with my knowledge of traumatic brain injury, make some behavioral and medication recommendations, and then sit back until they return in two weeks.  During the course of the interview with the family and patient, it became apparent that the patient endured a cerebral vascular accident immediately subsequent to the closed head injury.  Unfortunately, this is not an uncommon occurrence after severe closed head injury, though rare in mild to moderate injuries without a period of coma.  There are aspects of the patient’s balance and overall ambulation that would be uncommon in a “clean” closed head injury.  While the patient is walking in a functional manner, they often trip and fall into objects.  Weakness in one of their arms makes it difficult to perform tasks that require two hands.  Functional impairment from the stroke is as or more important than the impairment secondary to the closed head injury.  Formulating recommendations based on one or the other diagnosis would be unsafe and unwise.  Only by thinking in terms of the patient’s holistic or overall functioning would I be able to make their life safer and more stimulating.  Stated another way, diagnoses are typically less important than the obvious difficulties the patient confronts in their environment every day.

How is a physician able to prescribe the correct medication without the correct diagnosis?  Since the Food and Drug Administration does not allow direct comparison between drugs, physicians cannot be confident that they are using the single best medication for a given illness.  While certain medications are believed by professionals to be better for organic conditions than psychiatric conditions, there is only modest support in the research for using one medication over the other.  The best clinicians tend to prescribe by side-effect; that is there are many medications that claim to do the same thing, but the risk of unwanted and possibly deleterious effects of any given medication are uppermost in their mind.  For example, the physician is weighing the benefit of two tranquilizers.  The med they typically prescribe for most neurologically intact patients causes memory and attentional impairments, and the other tranquilizer is known to have few cognitive side-effects, but may cause trouble with ambulation.  Most of us, physician or not, would avoid using the first medication in someone recovering from a closed head injury, and avoid the second for someone recovering from a stroke or movement disorder.  While this appears to make good sense, and even smacks of common sense, one has to keep in mind that common sense is anything but common.
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The common sense approach to treatment of damage to the central nervous system is driven by symptoms and their expression in the patient’s unique environment.  A diagnosis helps alleviate the anxiety of family members and the insurance industry, but in isolation, does little to assist the patient.  Medications prescribed for their main effect rather than by their side-effect may help in one area and cause problems in another, rendering little to no net gain for the patient.  Clinicians that need to find neat categories and rapid solutions will please the family shopping for confidence more that the family looking for real gains.  Lastly, even the best of treatment protocols needs adjustment.  People change over time, and the cognitively impaired are no exception.  Any intervention that has positive results for a year or more should be considered a success-even if there is a subsequent decline.  Consider periodic adjustments to behavioral and medication protocols to be necessary and expected.

To answer the initial question, it is rare, indeed, to find a “clean” dementia.  Even if the initial stages of the dementia are uncomplicated and according to protocol, the illness rarely remains so orderly for its entire course.  Patients and family members often gain confidence from hurried and decisive experts; tending to view their curt behavior as a sign of social importance.  A clinician who is unsure and vacillating about treatment options exudes less confidence to others, but may ultimately be the most concerned and helpful.  Please leave comments regarding this article by clicking on “comments” immediately below this post.

Memory Disorders

Memory Disorders, like “learning disabilities”, is not a term you will find in the “Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.”  Neither term is found in either edition.  This is the guide used by many American insurance companies for procedure codes and diagnostic criteria.  “Memory Disorder” is an oft used term by professionals and laypeople alike.  It is likely most people are trying to describe difficulty recalling verbal or visual information, in the absence of another cognitive impairment.  The DSM system refers to memory disorders as an “Amnestic Disorder.”

It is good to rule out a medical factor affecting a person’s ability to think; that is their cognition.  The official diagnostic nomenclature is an “Amnestic Syndrome (due to a general medical condition)”.  The first thing to realize is that a memory impairment caused by a medical condition is generally of rapid onset and dramatic.  Trauma to the central nervous system is the most common cause.  Viral and bacterial infections of the brain may cause mild to profound memory impairments as well.  The damaging factor does not have to originate in the central nervous system.  Low oxygen saturation in the blood and bodily dehydration are common causes of a memory impairment secondary to a medical condition.  Specific vitamin deficiencies may cause memory impairment, as well as unwanted reactions to many medications.  Most of these medical conditions also reduce attention, vigilance, and orientation to one’s environment.  Perhaps the most difficult to detect are sub-clinical vitamin deficiencies and dehydration that test within the average range, but produce a measurable decline in cognitive performance.

What should we expect from our memories in the first place?  By the age of 50, we all begin to have a reduced ability to find names for things, and difficulty recalling verbal information without some prompt or context.  Many people call this the CRS Syndrome; alternately entitled “can’t remember sh–.”  The differential diagnosis is the recognition memory of the person.  Utilizing memory tests with a recognition component reduces the gulf between chronological ages.  It is also necessary to utilize tests that have been normalized on different age groups.  These tests attempt to make a level playing field between different ages.  The differential diagnosis between normal aging and a dementia should be performed by a trained professional.

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If you believe you have a memory impairment, consider consulting a neuropsychologist.  They will administer tests normed for your specific age, and often education as well.  Do not consider yourself diagnosed based upon a test in a magazine or on the internet.  Memory is built upon other cognitive skills, such that verbal or visual memory should not be assessed in isolation.

Many people confuse poor immediate attention as a memory impairment.  It is likely at the root of many medical causes of an “Amnestic Disorder.”  The ability to sustain one’s attention over time is called “vigilance”.  If a person has poor immediate attention, they will have difficulty encoding new verbal and visual information.  If, after a delay, the person can recall the same small amount of information, then attention is likely a greater factor then memory.  It is also difficult for the attention impaired to chunk (organize) information for greater recall.

The initial step in the diagnosis of a “memory disorder” is to administer tests to determine if the disorder exists.  If the disorder exists, then consider ruling out medical factors causing the poor visual and/or verbal memory functioning.  If no medical factors can be determined, then the next step is remediation.  Immediate attention is the most proven remediable skill.  The remaining treatments are largely compensatory strategies to build on the patient’s cognitive strengths.  Please leave comments regarding this post on “memory disorders” in the space provided below.