Posts tagged: psychologist

Depression-Mild vs. Moderate

Dr. Holzmacher's Business LogoIn my last post on depression, I stressed the key points differentiating a bipolar disorder from a depression.  In this post, I will focus on the differences between mild and moderate symptom profiles, as well as normal mood swings and a Major Depression.

Moderate to severe Major Depressions are easy to differentiate from normal mood swings.  The significant difference is titled “vegetative symptoms.”  This may call to mind comatose people or someone drooling in a corner; however, the meaning is different.  Vegetative symptoms of a depression are the physical symptoms that emerge when one declines from a mild to moderate level of depression.  This is the stage where people seek treatment, or are pressured by others to do so.  Please keep in mind that the diagnostic rules of Major Depression only differentiate mild from moderate levels of severity based on functional impairment.  My contention is that this functional impairment is a direct consequence of the physical symptoms of depression.  Often the physical symptoms are so unexpected and alarming that many people believe it is another disorder entirely.

The vegetative symptoms of depression occur in polar extremes; sleep is minimal or too much,  appetite is reduced or hunger excessive, energy is decreased or a constant agitated fatigue sets in.  It is difficult for people to believe that a psychological problem could cause such physical disruption.  Often those who complain of chronic fatigue or general malaise are clinically depressed.  Most people expect a depressed person to be very sad and tearful, but a moderate Major Depressive may not have a subjective (personal) sense of sadness, nor may they be tearful.  Chronic irritation and general fatigue are often presenting complaints of the chronically depressed.  Men are more apt to experience irritation/anger as the prominent feature of depression than women.  In the mild phase of depression, a person may be aware of a lowered frustration tolerance, but it is able to be controlled.  The moderate stage may reveal rage reactions or simple frustrations that quickly spin out of their control.
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Sleep disruption is almost always an important factor in moderate Major Depressions.  Few people perceive increased sleep as a problem, yet the increased sleep engendered with a depression doesn’t increase sleep comfortably or effectively.  The increased sleep tends to be debilitating.  Please note that sleep may be reduced in a Major Depression, but I am focusing on the increased pole, at the moment.  Missing work, missed children appointments and missing one’s own appointments are more common than not.  Getting out of bed and into the washroom may feel to the afflicted like an epic journey.  For example, the daughter of a close friend became moderately depressed.  Her nine year old daughter came home each day from school to find her mother in bed.  She no longer makes her daughter meals or takes her to school.  Increasingly, the daughter takes care of her mother.  This dynamic is often observed in families with substance abuse; the course of the treatment is different, but the danger to the family is similar.

As most of us wish for more sleep, we also desire less appetite for food.  Supposedly, in excess of a trillion dollars is spent on global weight loss strategies annually.  Weight loss secondary to depression is effective, though drastic, unpleasant and unhealthy.  The loss of appetite from depression is often gradual, such that it’s cause is obscured over time.  Often the sight and especially odors of food will make one feel nauseous.  A useful clinical rule is that a ten percent drop in total body weight in one month spells medical trouble.  As with sleep, please note that that appetite may also be increased by a Major Depression, but I am focusing on the decreased pole at the moment.  Women are more apt than men to be pleased with the weight loss-initially.  Others typically remark about the unhealthy appearance of this type of weight loss, decreasing the expected pleasure of hearing peers rave about the missing pounds.  This depressive weight loss also entails lower strength and energy, as well as lowered attentional resources.  There is little comfort or complements to be gained from depressive weight loss.  As with reduced sleep, medications to treat the symptoms tend to prolong or exacerbate the problems.  The only known way to combat the sleep and appetite disruption from  depression is to treat the underlying depression.  Please leave comments regarding this post in the space provided below.

Panic

Dr. Holzmacher's Business Logo for Orlandopsych.comPanic is not a disorder unto itself, and neither is a panic attack.  The modern conceptualization is that panic is a form of anxiety that may or may not include agoraphobia.  This last term is taken from the Greek, and literary means “fear of the marketplace”.  It is a fear of being unable to escape in a crowded situation, fear of bridges, and fear of travel in any kind of conveyance.   Much of the fear is anticipation of having a panic attack in these sort of situations.  The fear is heightened if the person believes the situation is such that no one will come to their assistance.  The agoraphobia is rarely initiated by a specific trauma, as is a post-traumatic stress disorder.  It is also not secondary to a fear of being socially embarrassed, as is a social phobia.  All these anxiety disorders impel one to flee the situation, but for different reasons.  Situations that involve travel or crowds  are feared and consequently avoided.  Many agoraphobics do not experience panic, but most suffer with the disorder.

Many agoraphobics develop anticipatory anxiety of being in public places, then avoid these situations for fear of having an attack.  Phobic avoidance develops over time, which reinforces the avoidant behavior.  The combined disorder of agoraphobia with panic tends to be more functionally debilitating than either disorder in isolation.  Anticipation of a fearful situation reaches the point of panic, and the panic is so startling that a person would do anything to avoid another panic attack.

Many patients complain of panic, but rarely do they meet the criteria.  Most people experience acute unpleasant anxiety and label that as panic.  Several symptoms overlap with generalized anxiety, but a few are better indicators of true panic than the rest.  The onset of panic and anxiety may be sudden, but panic tends to peak within ten minutes and then subside.  Generalized anxiety has less intensity at the onset, and tends to take a long time to resolve-if ever.  There are intense fears of dying or going insane while enduring a panic attack.  It almost seems like a medical problem when the heart beats so strongly.  A miasma of nausea, dizziness, palpitations, chest pains and shortness of breath overwhelm one to the point they fear dying.  Sweat pours forth in buckets.  Generalized anxiety often is accompanied by sweat, but typically not as intense or circumscribed.
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The good news is that most people who believe they are experiencing panic are actually experiencing acute anxiety.  The onset of panic is so strong and unforgettable, that it creates a cycle of fear and avoidance.  Generalized anxiety does not have specific fears that could be avoided.  Many people have agoraphobic symptoms, but fortunately, few will fall prey to the disorder.  It is commonplace for people to fear bridges, especially if they can see through a metal roadbed.  It is also normal to have fear of being trapped while waiting in line, or have a fear of being immobilized in a crowded elevator.  It is rare these mild anxieties develop into a Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia.

Treatment of all phobias is cognitive-behavioral in nature.  The main thrust of the therapy is to gradually expose the patient to the feared object.  The hope is to decouple the feared situation from the biological and psychological reaction. A psychologist will have the person imagine driving over a bridge, and discuss their emotional and cognitive apprehensions.  As the therapy progresses, the psychologist will attempt increased contact with the feared situation until the person masters their reaction.  Another method is to directly expose the patient to the feared situation in an aggressive fashion, which often alleviates the anticipatory anxiety of the next exposure.  There is a greater risk of being overwhelmed or even traumatized by this second sort of treatment, such that it should only be attempted with professional assistance.  Medication is not advised for long-term control of panic, but temporary usage can assist the therapy by lowering the overall level of anticipatory anxiety.  Please leave your comments regarding this article in the space provided below.

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