Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Joseph Holzmacher's Business Logo for Orlandopsych.comObsessive-compulsive Disorder is a well-named condition.  The obsessions relate to our thoughts; specifically automatic repetitive thoughts that can’t be ignored for very long.  Many disorders experience obsessive thoughts, but not as a primary feature of the illness.  For example, schizophrenics are often obsessed with their paranoid or grandiose thoughts, but it is not a primary feature of the disorder.  Schizophrenics are not aware of their thoughts being unusual or abnormal, while the person with OCD perceives their obsessions as abnormal.  Obsessive thoughts for the OCD sufferer tend to center about particular behaviors; for example, hand washing, counting and touching.  The obsession is typically paired with magical thoughts; such as the avoidance of something bad happening if the doorknob is touched exactly three times.  Compulsion refers to the need of a person to perform a particular motor behavior.  It is the realization of the obsessive thought.  In the example above, uncontrolled thoughts of being dirty are the obsession, and the compulsion is the actual repetitive hand washing.  Persons with OCD can voluntarily stop the compulsive behavior, but tension will increase until they perform the particular motor routine, complete with the expected magical outcome.

An excellent comment was left by “Nervous Nelly” as to what differentiates a “habit” from a “compulsion”.  Neuropsychologically, there is no known concrete difference between a habit and a compulsion.  Both words describe behaviors that are so well-learned that conscious control is not required.  Both are performed in the absence of cues or prompts within the environment.  Neither depends on some event in the environment to signal the start or stop of the behavior.  So what is the difference?

There is increasing research evidence that compulsions are involved in a very tight feedback loop between two areas of the brain.  Habits appear less tightly bound to this feedback loop; exhibiting more activation in other areas of the brain.  There is increased evidence that a compulsion is a maladaptive subset of the behaviors we label as habits.  Much of the common usage difference between a “habit” and a “compulsion” is in terms of functional outcome.  Habits of going to work and taking out the garbage are not typically viewed as bad, but the sniffing of cocaine is uniformly considered a bad habit.  Habits are labeled as good or bad, but compulsions are nearly always used in the context of being maladaptive and bad.  Occasionally, people speak of an “artistic compulsion”, but even here it suggests a maladaptive love of art.  It appears that a primary difference between habits and compulsions are societal values.  Even murkier is the distinction between compulsions and “bad habits”, such as gambling and substance abuse.  Compulsion fits these behaviors neatly, but not typically used in conjunction with these “bad habits”.  To summarize, the main difference between a habit and a compulsion are cerebral localization and societal values.
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As with so many mental disorders, there is a huge gap between mild and severe sufferers.  Mild sufferers with OCD are often successful people, detail oriented, who are perceived by others to be stuffy, cold and particular.  This is close to what is termed an Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder.  Those with severe OCD are completely debilitated.  Immersion into the obsessions and compulsions is so complete that nearly all necessary adaptive behaviors are shoved aside by the illness.  The degree to which they are bound to the compulsion is heart wrenching.  Severe OCD sufferers are helpless in the face of their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

What can be done for those afflicted with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder?  Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder is rarely treated, as those afflicted are generally successful people.  Often this group is brought in by a loved one who can’t cope with the bizarre behavior and cold attitude.  Treatment of mild OCD entails the identification of maladaptive and irrational aspects of their behavior.  These patients often fixate and obsess on the psychologist’s words, and the increased awareness into this tendency promotes increasingly flexible thinking.  The psychologist will increasingly have the patient practice looking at the big picture; the global aspects of their environment.  It will always be difficult for these mild sufferers to break from small details and scan the macro features of situations.  Treatment of severe OCD is generally performed on an inpatient psychiatric unit.  These unfortunate people require medication to stabilize their condition.  There has been increased research into severe OCD as being primarily a psychotic disorder, and not a subset of anxiety disorders.  Severe OCD may respond to major tranquilizers, whereas this class of medications is not effective for mild sufferers.  Working my way through school as a psychiatric tech, I was shocked at the level of functional disability engendered by severe OCD.  I would not be surprised if subsequent research proves that mild and severe OCD are two distinct disorders, sharing some symptom overlap, but with distinctly different treatment choices and outcomes.

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categories Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychology | | datetime May 10, 2010 10:57 am | comments Comments Off on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Panic

Dr. Holzmacher's Business Logo for Orlandopsych.comPanic is not a disorder unto itself, and neither is a panic attack.  The modern conceptualization is that panic is a form of anxiety that may or may not include agoraphobia.  This last term is taken from the Greek, and literary means “fear of the marketplace”.  It is a fear of being unable to escape in a crowded situation, fear of bridges, and fear of travel in any kind of conveyance.   Much of the fear is anticipation of having a panic attack in these sort of situations.  The fear is heightened if the person believes the situation is such that no one will come to their assistance.  The agoraphobia is rarely initiated by a specific trauma, as is a post-traumatic stress disorder.  It is also not secondary to a fear of being socially embarrassed, as is a social phobia.  All these anxiety disorders impel one to flee the situation, but for different reasons.  Situations that involve travel or crowds  are feared and consequently avoided.  Many agoraphobics do not experience panic, but most suffer with the disorder.

Many agoraphobics develop anticipatory anxiety of being in public places, then avoid these situations for fear of having an attack.  Phobic avoidance develops over time, which reinforces the avoidant behavior.  The combined disorder of agoraphobia with panic tends to be more functionally debilitating than either disorder in isolation.  Anticipation of a fearful situation reaches the point of panic, and the panic is so startling that a person would do anything to avoid another panic attack.

Many patients complain of panic, but rarely do they meet the criteria.  Most people experience acute unpleasant anxiety and label that as panic.  Several symptoms overlap with generalized anxiety, but a few are better indicators of true panic than the rest.  The onset of panic and anxiety may be sudden, but panic tends to peak within ten minutes and then subside.  Generalized anxiety has less intensity at the onset, and tends to take a long time to resolve-if ever.  There are intense fears of dying or going insane while enduring a panic attack.  It almost seems like a medical problem when the heart beats so strongly.  A miasma of nausea, dizziness, palpitations, chest pains and shortness of breath overwhelm one to the point they fear dying.  Sweat pours forth in buckets.  Generalized anxiety often is accompanied by sweat, but typically not as intense or circumscribed.
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The good news is that most people who believe they are experiencing panic are actually experiencing acute anxiety.  The onset of panic is so strong and unforgettable, that it creates a cycle of fear and avoidance.  Generalized anxiety does not have specific fears that could be avoided.  Many people have agoraphobic symptoms, but fortunately, few will fall prey to the disorder.  It is commonplace for people to fear bridges, especially if they can see through a metal roadbed.  It is also normal to have fear of being trapped while waiting in line, or have a fear of being immobilized in a crowded elevator.  It is rare these mild anxieties develop into a Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia.

Treatment of all phobias is cognitive-behavioral in nature.  The main thrust of the therapy is to gradually expose the patient to the feared object.  The hope is to decouple the feared situation from the biological and psychological reaction. A psychologist will have the person imagine driving over a bridge, and discuss their emotional and cognitive apprehensions.  As the therapy progresses, the psychologist will attempt increased contact with the feared situation until the person masters their reaction.  Another method is to directly expose the patient to the feared situation in an aggressive fashion, which often alleviates the anticipatory anxiety of the next exposure.  There is a greater risk of being overwhelmed or even traumatized by this second sort of treatment, such that it should only be attempted with professional assistance.  Medication is not advised for long-term control of panic, but temporary usage can assist the therapy by lowering the overall level of anticipatory anxiety.  Please leave your comments regarding this article in the space provided below.

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categories Anxiety, Panic, Psychology | | datetime April 19, 2010 3:54 pm | comments Comments (1)

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